Knowles Science Teaching Foundation fellowships are awarded to qualified young men and women committed to teaching high school science and/or mathematics in American schools.
Maximum award: five years of professional and financial support, valued at $150,000.
Eligibility: individuals who have earned at least a bachelor's degree in a biological science, physical science, mathematics, or engineering before the fellowship begins in June 2009.
Deadline: Jan. 14, 2009.
http://www.kstf.org/teaching_fellowships_home.aspx

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Foundation Classroom Grants are awarded to encourage excellence in educating students about math, science, technology, and engineering.
Eligibility: current AIAA Educator Associate or AIAA Professional members actively engaged as K-12 classroom educators.
Maximum Award: $200.
Deadline: N/A.
http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=244

The Actuarial Foundation - through its Advancing Student Achievement program - awards monetary grants to schools and groups throughout the United States and Canada. The basic requirement for schools or groups seeking funding is that they develop a viable mentoring program involving actuaries in the teaching of mathematics to children in private and public schools.
No deadlines
http://www.actuarialfoundation.org/grant/index.html

Dow Awards--by the Dow Chemical Company--awards grants to support proposed initiatives concentrating on math and science, teacher training, and parental involvement for K-12 school districts. School districts and school boards nationwide, as well as programs that promote systemic education reform in math and science, are eligible to apply. Special attention is given to school districts around communities where Dow is located.
Application Deadline: Varies
http://www.dow.com/about/corp/social/gen_fund.htm

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics lists an array of Mathematics grants.  Check their web site for deadlines.
http://www.nctm.org/met.aspx?linkidentifier=id&itemid=198